This shift to dual-modality imaging is primarily due to the advantages that PET/CT offers over dedicated PET. At this rate, it is not surprising that PET/CT imaging will soon replace dedicated PET imaging. According to a recent market study, sales of PET/CT scanners have surpassed those of dedicated PET scanners by 65% since 2003, and sales of PET/CT scanners are anticipated to grow by more than 95% over the next few years ( 1). In the last 2 years, PET imaging in oncology has been migrating from the use of dedicated PET scanners to the use of PET/CT tomographs. After reading this article, the technologist should be able to describe the principles of PET/CT imaging, identify at least 3 types of image artifacts, and describe the differences between PET/CT artifacts of different causes: metallic implants, respiratory motion, contrast medium, and truncation. Furthermore, the patient’s breathing can introduce mismatches between the CT attenuation map and the PET emission data, and the discrepancy between the CT and PET fields of view can lead to truncation artifacts. For instance, the use of contrast medium and the presence of metallic implants can be associated with focal radiotracer uptake. CT-based attenuation correction can induce artifacts and quantitative errors that can affect the PET emission images. Although PET/CT imaging offers many advantages, this dual-modality imaging also poses some challenges. These combined advantages have rendered PET/CT a preferred imaging modality over dedicated PET. Moreover, the CT data can also be used for attenuation correction, ultimately leading to high patient throughput. PET/CT is a new imaging modality that integrates functional (PET) and structural (CT) information into a single scanning session, allowing excellent fusion of the PET and CT images and thus improving lesion localization and interpretation accuracy. Often, grocery stores will label both satsuma and clementine as a clementine.The purpose of this paper is to introduce the principles of PET/CT imaging and describe the artifacts associated with it.
Breathing artifact meaning skin#
Kids love eating clementines because they’re easy to peel and sweet to eat! The difference between a satsuma and a clementine is that a satsuma’s skin is typically thicker and looser while clementines have a thinner skin that is tight to the fruit. Traditionally, they were included in children’s Christmas stockings. Most canned mandarins are actually canned satsumas.Ĭlementines, again, are another special type of mandarin, and this variety is wildly popular around December holidays. Their sweet, typically seedless fruit is what makes them popular, but they are also often praised for their hardiness under the canning process. They are smaller than tangerines, like clementines. They have loose skin that can be bumpy, making it hard to detect bruises. Satsumas, like tangerines, are another special type of mandarin. Tangerines are commonly sold in grocery stores with the leaves still attached, and as mentioned before, they can be labeled as “mandarins”. They typically have a few seeds in each fruit. They are distinctly larger than satsumas or clementines, but are still smaller than an orange. Tangerines are a type of mandarin that have a loose, thin skin that’s easy to peel, and a sweet flavour. Many people refer to tangerines as both tangerines and mandarins it can be confusing as not all mandarins are tangerines but all tangerines are mandarins. Tangerines are a special type of mandarin, and are distinguished by their deeper red hue. Tangerines, satsumas and clementines are all special varieties of mandarin oranges. Typically in grocery stores, fruit that is labeled as “mandarins” are actually tangerines. Their skin ranges in thickness, but is usually loosely attached to the fruit, making it easier to peel than an orange. The colour of the skin ranges from orange to reddish hue. Furthermore, the segments are smaller and tend to have a sweeter flavour. They come in a variety of sizes but all are typically smaller than oranges. Mandarins are a type of orange citrus, and as one may have deduced by the name, originated from China. With varieties that range from big, palm-sized fruits with navels or smaller fruits with a pink or deep red flesh, oranges are simply sweet and juicy on their own and are a wonderful addition to many recipes. Oranges are a popular citrus fruit commonly served as a nutritious snack or juiced for a sweet and colourful drink.
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